The Most Elite Special Ops Forces: How Do They Operate?

Ever since the Osama bin Laden raid, America has gone bonkers for US Navy SEALs and Military Special Operators in general.Putting 100 thousand troops and countless private support personnel on the ground in any given country — sometimes referred to as “nation building” — is a costly strategy. Putting a boot or two on Osama bin Laden’s door arguably cost more in political currency — Pakistan wasn’t too happy — than actual currency.Though it was the SEALs who performed that raid in Abbottabad, it’s worth noting there are quite a few more SpecOps units in the US than just SEALs — Green Berets and Marine Snipers, etc. — so we here at Business Insider have made things easy by assembling a comprehensive list of all the SpecOps units we could find.An earlier version of this story was written byGeoffrey Ingersoll*.*View As: One PageSlides

Division Marine Recon

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/Marine Reconnaissance teams provide intelligence for active small unit operations on the battlefield. Those with Marine Sniper quals can also provide accurate demoralizing small arms fire from a distance.Marine Recon is arguably in the top five of all special operators — capable of harassing an entire enemy battalion for long periods of time; tracking enemy units for larger American forces; or conducting well-orchestrated raids on high-valued targets.These guys are the gems in the crown of the United States Marine Corps.

Air Force Special Operations Weatherman

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/No, it’s not a joke. They can literally forecast the weather above a fight, kill the enemy, and direct artillery — simultaneously.The official mission of the U.S. Air Force field weatherman is as a ground-level, small-unit meteorologist who provides accurate forecasts for the purpose of air asset deployment (bombs and stuff).

USMC Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company — ANGLICO

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/The Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company is another group that often finds itself in the shadow of sexier special operations units like the SEALs. A single ANGLICO Marine can coordinate a hellish rain of fiery artillery and air-strafing fire on the enemy though, whereas all a SEAL can do is pull a trigger.Typically they don’t deploy as individuals, but like any SpecOps group, in teams of four or five.A typical ANGLICO team:

Team Leader (Captain or Navy Lieutenant): any ground MOS – typically JTAC (Joint Terminal Attack Controller)-qualified artillery officer.
Team Chief (Sergeant), typically qualified as JFO (joint fires observer) and as a JTAC.
Radio Chief (Corporal or Sergeant).
Junior Radio Operator (Private First Class / Lance Corporal).
Fire Support Man / Scout Observer (Private First Class / Lance Corporal).

USMC Amphibious Recon Platoons

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/Amphibious Recon Platoons draw their personnel from Battalion Recon Units and typically support direct action Force Reconnaissance Operations as well as Naval Fleet Operations.They hold all the same certs, generally speaking, of Recon Marines because they are Recon Marines. The only difference are their tasks:To determine characteristics of beaches available for landing, and report the information to the commander at sea.

By hydrographic reconnaissance of water near the shore line.
By examining terrain in immediate vicinity of beach.
By noting beach defenses, such as wire, mines, and other obstacles; troops in immediate vicinity; other defenses.

Air Force Combat Controllers

via AmericanSpecialOps.comCombat controllers are among the most elite in the military. Top 10 easy. These guys are independent operators, like Marine Recon, except with more air assets.They are experts at stealth insertion well behind enemy lines and are often just a disembodied voice for other ground troops, like SEALs, as they provide air support coordination. They’re often on the ground picking targets in America’s bombing campaigns and likely played a key role in the Libyan revolution.They hold a lot of the most high-speed special operations certifications:

Combat Control Orientation Course, Lackland AFB, Texas.
Combat Control Operator Course, Keesler AFB, Miss.
U.S. Army Airborne School, Fort Benning, Ga.
U.S. Air Force Basic Survival School, Fairchild AFB, Wash.
Combat Control School, Pope AFB, N.C.
Special Tactics Advanced Skills Training, Hurlburt Field, Fla.
U.S. Army Military Freefall Parachutist School, Fort Bragg, N.C., and Yuma Proving Grounds, Ariz.
U. S. Air Force Combat Divers School, Panama City, Fla.

Army ‘Combined Applications Group’

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/The uncontested number oneheavy-weight champ. The operators of operators, crème de la crème — even the SEALs who killed bin Laden wish they were a part of this crew.Combined Applications Group is their old name, some call them Delta, but that was never an official name either. These guys are the absolute tip of the spear — Matt Bissonnette, one of the SEALs on the bin Laden raid, mentioned them in his book “No Easy Day” as if they were gods.They are also the only group of special operators outside of SEAL Team 6 (ST6) where direct close contact with the enemy is a guarantee upon acceptance, regardless of whether America is officially at war or not.They recruit from the nation’s highest special operations units, only twice a year, to include ST6.These are just a couple initial tests they have to pass:

A timed 18-mile ‘ruck-march’ at night in which the candidate must carry 35 pounds in their rucksack.
A timed 40 mile route while carrying a 45 pound ruck sack over rough, steep terrain.

Then they have a rigorous battery of psychological tests. If, after those tests, they’re found to qualify, they attend a six-month training course.If they pass the course, they cease to exist. It’s said they work hand-in-hand with the nation’s highest paramilitary and intelligence agencies.

US Navy SEALs

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/SEAL stands for Sea Air and Land special operators, thus the word SEALs. There are eight “Teams” of Navy SEALs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10.Despite having a number, SEAL Team 6 is not counted in the “numbered” teams. They’re commonly called “rainbow” because they break personnel down into subsections under four colors — Red, Blue, Gold, and Silver (with a special Gray squadron, the boat sq
uad).Prospective Navy SEALs attend a course called Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL, or BUD/S.Total SEAL training consists of:

Preparation School 4 – 12 weeks at the Naval Special Warfare Preparatory School.
Indoctrination Test 3 weeks of physical tests.
BUD/S 25 weeks. Week 3, “Hell Week,” 135 hours of continuous physical demand.
Post Grad 28 weeks at SEAL Qualification Course, which includes all specialized training courses to produce combat ready Navy SEAL.
The final test: killing the enemy and coming home

SEAL Team Six — Rainbow

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/At Navy SEAL balls, I’ve heard it’s common to hear SEALs ask each other, “Are you a number, or a color?” The colors are (or possibly used to be) Red, Blue, Gold, and Silver.**They’re a firm number 2 under Army CAG.**SEAL Team 6, the ‘colored’ SEALs, are those who do off the grid, or “black,” operations, directly under Joint Special Operations Command (and so, by a short chain, the president). Under the designation, Naval Special Operations Development Group, or DEVGRU, these SEALs have three primary missions:

Counter Terrorism Since 2001 SEAL Team Six has been focused on operations in and around Afghanistan. The unit is also able to carry out pre-emptive CT operations.
Close Protection DEVGRU sometimes provide security for VIPs. For instance DEVGRU provided Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai with close protection in the early days of his Presidency.
Special Reconnaissance DEVGRU operators, especially those trained as snipers, are experts at reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering operation.

Fleet Antiterrorism Security Teams — FAST

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/FAST teams get a bum rap from a lot of other special operations units, in large part for them being comprised of regular straight-leg infantry. Grunts, in other words. Nonetheless, they perform a special set of tasks.Their most common mission is to deploy and reinforce American diplomatic missions and embassies.The Marines within Fleet Antiterrorism Security Teams are skilled in:

Counter surveillance.
Physical security.
Urban combat techniques.
Close quarter combat (CQB).
Martial arts.

Force Reconnaissance Marines

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance, otherwise known as Force Recon, are a company-sized (about 200) recon and direct-action element that falls directly under the Marine Expeditionary Force commander, or the Naval Strike Group commander, depending on whether they’re aboard a ship or on land.Because of their direct line to a commander, Force Recon often finds itself in the position of performing, lets say, “highly sensitive,” special operations — making “Recon” a bit of a misnomer.The sheer amount of training and the scope of their operations put them in a close heat with numbered SEALs for the number-three rank as top operators.There are a number of courses they attend, some of which are:

Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course — Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center, Naval Support Activity Panama City, Florida.
Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape School* — Navy Remote Training Sites; NAS North Island, CA or NAS Brunswick, ME.
Army Airborne School* — Fort Benning, GA.
United States Army Static Line Jumpmaster School (Fort Benning, Georgia).
United States Army Ranger School (Fort Benning, Georgia).
Special Operations Training Group Schools (i.e. Urban Sniper, HRST, etc.).
Recon and Surveillance Leaders Course — Ranger School, Fort Benning, GA.
Pathfinder Course — Army Infantry School, Fort Benning, or Army Air Assault School, Fort Campbell, Kentucky.

Marine Special Operations Command — MARSOC

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/Though MARSOC Marines tend to be former Recon or Infantry, any Marine with the guts to give it a shot and the muscle to match can end up as an operator for Special Operations Command (SOCOM), the unit MARSOC falls beneath.They also remain somewhat of a sore spot among Marines — common among complaints are that anyone can try out, they don’t fall under traditional Marine command structures, they think they’re special, etc.The indoctrination for MARSOC is quite rigorous:

Assessment and Selection Preparation and Orientation Course — A 21-day course that is basically just practice for the real initial test.
Assessment and Selection — A 19-day course which weeds out anyone unable to complete the grueling 7-month training evolution to become MARSOC.

Upon graduation, students will attend a course broken down into four phases:

Phase 1— Communications and combat medicine — the culmination of this phase is completion of the Survival Evade Resist Escape school.
Phase 2— Amphibious operations, tactics, weapons and special reconnaissance.
Phase 3— Urban operations: marksmanship, close quarters battle and urban combat.
Phase 4— Eight weeks of irregular warfare training, followed by the culminating exercise.

The Maritime Raid Force — MRF

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/Piracy is such a problem, the Navy decided to take the best of its personnel, throw them in high-speed boats, and set them on some pirates.The Maritime Raid Force is basically a bunch of really good, really aggressive trigger-pullers who fearlessly hit pirates hard, right in the mouth. It’s essentially the Navy’s All Star team for countering pirates — a hodgepodge of Navy and Marine personnel, SEALs, Marine Snipers, and Recon, who often draw off knowledge from the Amphibious Reconnaissance Platoon to conduct counter-piracy and interdiction operations.Though they don’t conduct a wide array of “special” operations, their targeted and highly trained nature earns them a spot on the BI list.The different occupational specialties in the MRF are:

Assault Element: Navy SEALs or Recon Marines .
Security Element: Infantry Marines, Snipers.
Support Element: Radio, intel, forward air controllers, etc.
Aviation, Close Air Support: Marine personnel typically supersede Naval pilots in this task.

Coast Guard Maritime Safety and Security Teams — MSST

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/Yes, the Coast Guard has special operations. These operators fall under the Deployable Operations Group, and attend training in Advanced Tactical Boat Operations and Anti-terrorism Force protection at the Joint Maritime Training Center at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. (Camp Lejeune is also home to most East Coast Marines.)Though not super high on the special list, they’re elite nature means they have to be first-responders to counter narcotics shipments, weapons shipments, and even acts of terrorism.Coasties who complete MSST training are prepared for and will execute the following missions:

Maritime interdiction and law enforcement
Anti-terrorism/Force Protection
CBRN-E Detection
Vertical Insertion (commonly referred to as Fast Roping)
Search and Rescue (limited)
Port Protection/Anti-sabotage
Underwater Port Security
Canine Handling Teams (Explosive detection)
Tactical Boat Operations
Hook and Climb
Non-compliant boarding operations

Air Force Pararescue Jumpers — PJ

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/Pararescue jumpers insert well behind enemy lines in order to rescue lost personnel, typically pilots.Just a tick less cool than their combat controller brethren, simply because their main mission is to rescue, not to attack — they fall just outside the top 5. Nonetheless, they have to be ready to fight off hundreds of enemy fighters by means of clever guerrilla warfare, traps and specialized small unit tactics.Certainly they can’t expect a prima donna pilot to adequately defend himself, so they’re well trained and super aggressive.Pararescuemen training covers:

Parachute training (both basic and HALO, High Altitude Low Opening)
Combat diving
Underwater egress training
Basic survival
Paramedic training
Pararescue recovery specialist course

US Army Rangers

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/Rangers are the Army’s elite, light infantry shock-troops — airborne qualified and tough as nails, they can either support higher units — like Army ‘Delta’ — or conduct raids on the enemy themselves. Assuming a recruit enters the Army with a contract to be a Ranger, it’ll take about a year of training to go from civilian to basically trained Army Ranger.As the Army’s “shock troops,” they do conduct special operations, but oftentimes those ops fall in line with what regular Marine infantry does — in this way, they are elite, but certainly not close to the top dogs.Courses and qualifications include:

Military freefall
Combat diving
Survival Evasion Resistance Escape
Jump master (parachuting)
Combatives instructor
Combat lifesaver (medical first response)
Pathfinder (survival)
Language
Mountain Warfare

Recapture Tactics Team — Marine Security Forces

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/The Recapture Tactics Team is a sub-unit of Marine Security Forces. The SWAT-like unit is responsible for guarding Naval bases, particularly those in possession of nuclear technology.Aside from attending Marine Designated Marksman and Close Quarters Battle training, these Marines also attend Naval demolition breaching courses (not unlike Navy SEALs). All put together, their main job is to assault a well-fortified room and take back U.S. property — **not a wide range of special operations, but still specialized.**There are 3 elements to a Recapture Tactics Team squad:

Breachers skilled in various methods of entry, including using explosives
Shooters trained in close quarters battle (CQB)
Designated Marksmen Sharpshooters, typically armed with M14 Designated Marksmen Rifles, with high powered scopes and silencers.

Special Activities Division — Central Intelligence Agency

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/The Special Activities Division in the CIA is comprised of only a few hundred people. For good reason — their main mission is complete “deniable” operations. If Rainbow Six is Black Operations, then SAD is the shadow cast by those operations.The Agency can and does recruit from within for these positions, sending Agents through the actual military pipeline to get organically trained agents. They also hire former SEALs, Green Berets, and Marine Recon.They break down into three branches:

Ground Branch SAD Ground Branch operatives are experts in field craft, surveillance, small arms, hostage rescue, CQB and advanced driving. Many former Army Special Forces soldiers and Delta Force operators find their way into Ground Branch.
Maritime Branch As the name suggests, SAD Maritime Branch’s focus is on amphibious operations and as such tends to recruit ex SEALs and Force Recon Marines as its operators.
Air Branch SAD’s aviation wing.

Marine Scout Snipers

via AmericanSpecialOps.com/photos/Scout Snipers are subject matter experts on identification of high valued targets, visual reconnaissance, and ingress and egress, without detection, from enemy occupied territory.Oh yeah, and they can shoot hair off a tick’s behind from a kilometer away.They’re not super elite in that the military will use them for raids, but their expertise at recon and shooting high-valued targets in the face puts them squarely into the realm of special operations.Their 8.5 week initial training consists of:

Marksmanship and field craft: Running. Running. More running. Students also learn how to sketch terrain, read targets through a spotter scope, and hit targets at “known” distances.
Stalking: Students learn how to enter a contested area unnoticed, scout that area, and exit unnoticed — meanwhile, trained, hardened sniper instructors scan the area with high powered binoculars, looking for the students.
Unknown Distance Range: Students fire at targets upward of a kilometer away, without being told exactly what the distance or elevation is. The Marines must accurately range and hit their own targets.

Navy Special Warfare Combat-craft Crewmen — SWCC

via AmericanSpecialOps.comWhen the SEALs are in a bind, they call SWCC.Combat Crewman provide highly aggressive, tactical “exfiltration” of SEAL units. They can be loud and destructive, or quite quiet, as they aid and reinforce SEALs who may or may not be in a particularly nasty situation.Eliteness: Not as high level as Force Recon, but not quite in the middle with Rangers.To become a basically trained crewman, a sailor must complete:

3 weeks Indoctrination Course at NAB Coronado, California
8 weeks Basic Crewman Training (BCT) training at the Naval Special Warfare Center, NAB Coronado
21-week SWCC Crewman Qualification Training (CQT) at NAB Coronado

Army Green Berets — “Special Forces”

via AmericanSpecialOps.comArmy Green Berets are among the most elite groups in the world, and provide a pipeline to higher units, like the Army’s “Delta” CAG, and the CIA SAD.They have about as much street-cred as numbered SEALs and Force Recon, depending on who’s doing the talking.Notably, Green Berets have some of the toughest initial training in the entire military (at the risk of drawing the ire of SEALs and Marine Recon). Their initial test lasts an incredible 24 days, and that’s just to see if you can attend the Green Beret qualification course.The initial test:

Days 1 — 3: Physical fitness tests, language training, rucksack marches, basic first aid.
Days 4 — 19: Map reading, and land navigation over various terrain. weeks Basic
Days 20 — 22: Long distance trek, long distance land navigation.
Days 23 — 24: Outprocessing and official selection boards.

And don’t forget …

National Guard via FlickrAir Force:— Tactical Response Force:Kind of like police SWAT teams, except with nuclear bombs. Air Force TRFs protect nuclear missile silos.— Tactical Air Control Parties (TACP):“Tacs” guide close air support and artillery by radio or other communication, often from behind enemy lines.Army:— Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR): These are the guys in those infamous black helicopters. Dubbed “The Nightstalkers,” they’re a group of upper echelon tactical aviators who support operators on the ground.—Intelligence Support Activity (ISA): Referred to as “The Activity,” this Top Secret unit performs Human Intelligence (HUMINT, spies and assets) operations and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT, “listeners”).—Asymmetric Warfare Group (AWG):A group comprised of only about 400 people who specialize in developing methods to counter asymmetric threats. They advise the officers who implement policy in the field.— Special Reaction Teams: Army version of civilian SWAT teams.Navy:—Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 84: The “Red Wolves” are the Navy’s version Army SOAR. They provide heliborne support to Navy SEALs and SWCC operators on the ground.Marine Corps:— Radio Recon Platoon:Radio reconnaissance members are specialized warfighters who also provide communications to Marine Corps Recon operators.— Special Reaction Teams:A Marine Corps version of civilian SWAT teams.