by Kris Osborn, Warrior
(Washington DC) The People's Liberation Army Navy has launched its fourth Type 075 Amphibious Assault ship, a group of helicopter launching maritime attack platforms likely intended to rival the US Navy's America-class amphibs.
This latest Type 075, called the Hubei, deployed in the South China Sea as part of a larger PLA Navy warship formation including several Type 075 amphibs as well as PLA Navy Type 071 amphibs focused on sea and surface assault. The Type 075s, by contrast, are particularly configured for air attack elements of amphibious operations.
"Often dubbed a helicopter carrier, the Type 075 amphibious assault ship has a straight flight deck similar to an aircraft carrier, but mainly hosts helicopters in addition to amphibious vehicles and landing craft." the Chinese-government backed Global Times Newspaper stated in an Aug 1 essay.
Chinese Amphibious Attack Warships
In recent years, the Global Times has consistently quoted experts asserting that the blend of its two amphibs could help deter Taiwan independence.
“A task force consisting of the Type 075, the Type 071 and an aircraft carrier will serve as a tremendous deterrent to “Taiwan independence” forces, and these warships will play a leading role in striking targets in the east side of the Taiwan island if the occasion comes to that,” the Global Times reports.
How many of these amphibious assault ships will the PLA Navy build? Is it a clear effort to mirror or copy the US Navy’s America class in terms of configuration, force structure and concepts of operation? Certainly seems possible.
Landing Craft Air Cushions
Of particular significance, the PRC news report cited the presence of "landing craft" vehicles configured to transport weapons, troops and armored vehicles from ship to shore. These PLA Landing Craft are likely quite significant in that they determine the speed and scale with which the PLA Navy could project power from the sea in an amphibious attack, something of critical significance in any attack on Taiwan. It would seem quite relevant to determine whether the PLA Navy's landing craft are in any way comparable to the now arriving US Navy next-generation ship-to-shore connectors which not only use a new generation of computer automation, propulsion and navigational technologies but also operate with an ability to transport 70-ton Abrams tanks from ship-to-shore.
Type 075 Amphibs
Chinese officials refer to the new class of Type 075 amphibs as capable of “vertical” attack as well as “horizontal” attack, suggesting increased air attack power aligned with its amphibs.
“Often dubbed a helicopter carrier, the vessel can carry a large number of helicopters in addition to amphibious armored vehicles and tanks, and launch both horizontal and vertical landing missions on islands and reefs, and even land from the sea,” the PRC-backed Global Times stated in a previous essay.
The surface-to-air attack networking ability of these new Chinese amphibs is greatly strengthened by the addition of the Z-18J early warning helicopter, Z-9 anti-submarine helicopter and Z-8C transport helicopter, according to a 2024 essay in the Global Times.
This integrated air-surface, multi-domain tactical connectivity has been tested in assessments of the new Chinese amphibious assault ship.
“As we practiced more over the past few months and adjusted our approach, we have now achieved a significantly higher [helicopter] sortie rate,” Zhang Yupeng, commander of an aviation detachment on board the Hainan, was quoted by CCTV as saying, according to the Global Times.
PLA Navy Concepts of Operation
This conceptual approach to concepts of operations clearly aligns with US thinking regarding the US Navy’s strategic approach with its emerging America-class amphibious assault ships. However there are a couple of extremely critical variables to consider when it comes to any Chinese ability to truly match or rival that maritime warfare tactics made possible by the US America class.
While the Chinese paper may suggest that the new Type 075 amphibs introduce new or unparalleled dimensions of air-surface-and-ground warfare, the US Navy’s America-class amphibious assault ships operate with Osprey Tiltrotor aircraft, vertical-take-off-and-landing F-35B 5th-generation stealth technology and the new generation of US Abrams tank-carrying Ship to Shore Connector landing craft.
China is known to now operate small numbers of a new carrier-launched J-35 5th-generation fighter jet, yet the emerging J-35 does not appear to have an F-35B-like vertical take-off capability comparable to the America class. Therefore, the new class of Chinese Type 075 amphibs, it would seem, might be quite challenged to project a 5th-generation air support capability for amphibious operations. Clearly the introduction of 5th-generation stealth attack is reshaping the tactical sphere of amphibious warfare by bringing new possibilities to multi-domain amphibious attack.
Secondly, it does not appear as though the Chinese Type 075 ships operate anything comparable to the US Marine Corps Osprey helicopter, a much demanded platform which not only enables new ranges and payloads available for transport and resupply but also supports Mounted Vertical Maneuver operations wherein amphibious forces can drop in behind enemy lines for surprise attack, mission reinforcement or clandestine hit-and-run ambushes in enemy territory. While much is likely unknown about the new Chinese amphibs, the PLA Navy ships simply may not operate with any kind of similar ability. The Chinese Navy is also further accelerating its Naval modernization with the addition of a new type of “utility landing craft” able to transport armed vehicles, troops and supplies from ship-to-shore as part of an effort to support amphibious attacks.
China is now behind the US Navy America-class amphibs with its fleet of Type 075 amphibs, as the US Navy is well along with three new big-deck amphibs, however China’s well -known shipbuilding enterprise is expected to close the gap quickly.
However, there may be yet another limitation to Chinese amphibious formations when compared with US Amphibious Ready Groups. The Chinese paper says its amphibs “must” operate together in close proximity, something current US Navy and Marine Corps amphibs no longer need to do. This would suggest that perhaps the PLA Navy lacks the networking capacity to connect disaggregated amphibious assault ships in a manner comparable to the US Navy.
“Compared with destroyers and frigates that can operate alone, an amphibious assault ship must work in a group. The Hainan carries air-cushioned landing craft, armored vehicles and helicopters, and can coordinate with destroyers, frigates and other military services and branches in missions,” Zhang said in the article.
US Amphibious Ready Groups and Marine Expeditionary Units are increasingly capable of “dis-aggregated,” yet securely networked operations. While initial configured for closely group operations, technological breakthroughs in networking and surveillance have enabled US amphibs to expand concepts of operation and enable more separate, disaggregated, independent operations for big-deck amphibs, Amphibious Transport Docks and Dock Landing Ships. This has been made possible by advanced antennas, networking connectedness and greater amounts of aviation and command and control built into smaller support ships such as LPDs and Dock Landing Ships. This greatly expands an operational envelope for amphibious operations while not decreasing any ability to operate in closer-in groups
China Type 075 Amphibs vs USS America-class amphibs
The People’s Liberation Army – Navy has in recent years been taking new steps to prepare its new class of Type 075 amphibious assault ships for networked, multi-domain combat landings which integrate air, land and sea units.
The PLA-Navy focus on amphibious warfare continues to heighten amid growing tensions over Taiwan, as China has in recent years been increasing amphibious assault landing drills, surface-t0-helicopter-t0-aircraft connectivity and practicing maritime warfare maneuvers.
US Navy’s Amphibious Attack Ability
Chinese amphibious assault capability, however, does suffer from a significant limitation when compared to the US Navy’s amphibious attack ability. The PLA-Navy has no vertical take-off-and-landing built-in, integrated 5th-generation air capability similar to the US F-35B.
An amphibious assault, therefore, would need to rely upon land or carrier-launched 5th-generation close air support, making it much more difficult to achieve air supremacy in any kind of amphibious attack.
Each US Navy America-class amphibious assault ship, for example, can operate as many as 15-to-20 F-35Bs, a scenario which weaves an organic, built-in 5th-gen air support capability for amphibious missions.
A Chinese amphibious assault, therefore, would need to rely upon land launched J-20s or carrier-launched J-35s. This would make it much more difficult for a Chinese amphibious attack to operate with close-in 5th-generation air support.
The US Navy[s first two America-class amphib ships do not have a well deck and instead were built with extra hangar space for aircraft and modified with a reinforced landing deck to withstand the heat associated with a vertical landing of an F-35B.
The third America-class amphibious assault ship features the return of the well deck to support ship-t0-shore amphibious operations. Overall, the US Navy’s strategy with the America class appears to involve an effort to build-in a multi-domain, aviation and maritime-capable amphibious assault force designed to achieve an optimal blend of integrated air and sea attack operations. This US Navy effort to architect distinct, yet closely integrated air-and-sea focused elements of amphibious attack appears to now be being copied by China.
Chinese Amphibious Attack Warships
The Global Times quoted a Chinese military expert saying the blend of the two amphibs could help deter Taiwan independence.
“A task force consisting of the Type 075, the Type 071 and an aircraft carrier will serve as a tremendous deterrent to “Taiwan independence” forces, and these warships will play a leading role in striking targets in the east side of the Taiwan island if the occasion comes to that,” the expert says in the paper.
How many of these amphibious assault ships will the PLA Navy build? Is it a clear effort to mirror or copy the US Navy’s America class in terms of configuration, force structure and concepts of operation? Certainly seem s possible.
Kris Osborn is President of Warrior Maven – Center for Military Modernization. Osborn previously served at the Pentagon as a highly qualified expert in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army—Acquisition, Logistics & Technology. Osborn has also worked as an anchor and on-air military specialist at national TV networks. He has appeared as a guest military expert on Fox News, MSNBC, The Military Channel, and The History Channel. He also has a Masters Degree in Comparative Literature from Columbia University