By Johnny Franks, Warrior Editorial Fellow Recent developments in the Russia-Ukraine war highlight how the private sector’s innovative modern technology can change dynamics on the ground in modern warfare. It was recently revealed that the Russian military is buying Starlink satellite internet systems through Arab countries for use on the battlefield [https://www.econotimes.com/Russian-Forces-Utilize-Starlink-in-Ukraine-Procured-via-Third-Countries-1671282], almost reaching systemic levels [https://news.yahoo.com/russian-military-increasingly-deploys-starlink-172200300.html?guccounter=1]. Starlink is a subsidiary of SpaceX, owned by entrepreneur Elon Musk. This is a far cry from the early stages of the war, with reports that Russian troops were using unsecure phone calls to communicate sensitive information [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/04/world/europe/ukraine-russia-cellphones.html]. The strategic acquisition of these terminals underscores a broad trend of modern warfare in that the battlefield also includes cyberspace and satellite communications. The stakes with Starlink terminals are anything but low; it has become a capability leap for communication capabilities that enable the drones and monitoring of war activities [https://news.yahoo.com/russian-military-increasingly-deploys-starlink-172200300.html?guccounter=1]. This move by Russian forces to acquire terminals via third-party Arab countries is the latest manifestation of modern challenges in regulating and controlling the flow of advanced technology in a world where the borders between one country and another become almost indiscernible. The terminals are said to be purchased from Arab providers for an average of about 200,000 roubles ($2,200) [https://news.yahoo.com/russian-military-increasingly-deploys-starlink-172200300.html?guccounter=1], raising concerns about a sophisticated “black market” procurement network to boost Russia's military advantage with modern technology. Such implications demand investigation and intervention. With technology continuing to develop, the line between the military and civilians is becoming less defined. There is a growing need to question the responsibilities of companies engaged in developing technology that can be used to harm innocent civilians during armed conflicts. SpaceX stated that they did not sell to the Russian government or their armed forces [https://www.econotimes.com/Russian-Forces-Utilize-Starlink-in-Ukraine-Procured-via-Third-Countries-1671282] and added that if they learned about such use of the satellite system, they would proceed to deactivate them without being asked [https://www.econotimes.com/Russian-Forces-Utilize-Starlink-in-Ukraine-Procured-via-Third-Countries-1671282]. However, implementing the policies in this case—where the terminals have already been purchased through indirect channels—is a tricky proposition. Army Delivers New High-Speed Attack Networking Technology to Active Units The use of commercial satellite communication systems in the military anticipates a future in which warfare becomes increasingly networked and relies on space-based assets. This could carry significant implications for weapons systems going forward, accentuating the need for cybersecurity measures and safeguarding communication channels from enemy interference. The case of Starlink terminals being switched off in Ukraine during a critically important attack on a Russian navy assets [https://thehill.com/policy/defense/4193788-musk-acknowledges-he-turned-off-starlink-internet-access-last-year-during-ukraine-attack-on-russia-military/], as reported, also raises strategic concerns regarding the holding of such technology. Elon Musk's cut-off of the commercial satellite network points highlights the advent of commercial satellite networks altering the outcome of military engagements and signifies a tremendous amount of power given to private companies in modern warfare. Russian forces' acquisition of Starlink terminals through third-party Arab countries is a clear indication of the ever-increasing importance of technology in modern conflicts. This development showcases the strategic deployment of commercial technologies in warfare and raises critical questions about the ethical responsibilities of tech companies in conflict situations. As technology progresses, its role in determining the dynamics of warfare and international security will continue to grow, requiring an analysis of existing norms and rules regarding using such technology in warfare conditions. Johnny Franks holds an MA in U.S. Foreign Policy & National Security from American University and a BA in Diplomacy & World Affairs from Occidental College. With a specific interest in geopolitical security and military technology, Johnny has primarily focused his research and analysis on the Russia-Ukraine conflict from 2014 onwards. As part of his MA coursework, Johnny contributed to developing an Arctic defense strategy in partnership with the U.S. Department of Defense
