By Kris Osborn – President & Editor-In-Chief, Warrior Maven
(Washington, D.C.) It almost seems so obvious it could easily be overlooked …. ICBMs and even long-range ballistic missiles could be launched over the Arctic to more quickly and directly attack enemies half a world away. The fastest and most direct route between North America and parts of Russia or even China might be straight over the Arctic, given the distance across the Pacific or Atlantic and European continent.
Northrop Grumman is working on a development contract with the Pentagon on a “Next-Gen Polar” satellite system and payload technologies specifically engineered to establish a continuous track or threat trajectory across otherwise separated radar fields of regard…such as those covering the Arctic.
Next-Generation Overhead Persistent Infrared Polar Program
In a multi-billion dollar deal awarded by the United States Space Force, Northrop Grumman will provide flight hardware, ground system development and risk reduction functions for Phase 1 of what’s called Next-Generation Overhead Persistent Infrared Polar program. The deal covers the design and development of the first two polar-orbiting space vehicles, according to a Northrop statement.
“We are working with the MDA to define a spiral approach to do a prototype constellation that will involve a handful of satellites using optical cross links,”
Mike Ciffone, director, Strategy, Capture & Operations, OPIR & Geospatial Systems, Northrop Grumman, told reports at the SMD Symposium.
Overhead Persistent Infrared Next-Gen GEO Program
In a related effort, Northrop is also working on payload technologies to support Lockheed Martin’s now in development Overhead Persistent Infrared Next-Gen GEO program.
Success in developing a track relies upon both establishing a continued target trajectory and an ability to share, network or transmit the track information from one satellite to another and one satellite to ground-based command and control centers.
Optical cross links, which can use laser connectivity and fiber optics to transmit high-value data at the speed of light between satellites to enable a kind of “mesh” networking between nodes in space designed to bridge an otherwise disruptive “gap” in tracking a threat.
Naturally this is something which becomes increasingly challenged when trying to defend against hypersonic missiles traveling at more than five times the speed of sound.
Hypersonic weapons can of course transit from one radar aperture to another at unprecedented speeds, making it almost impossible for geographically segmented radar systems to establish a continued track on a target.
Hypersonic weapons “could reach targets that are 1000km away within minutes,” an interesting 2019 paper from a UK-based think tank called Article36. The paper is titled “Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons.”
Significantly, the impact of this kind of threat seems to be anticipated in a 2017 essay in AIP Conference Proceedings which cites a need for the U.S. military to re-craft its command and control doctrine to better track hypersonic threats.
“While operational doctrine and command structures adequately address traditional atmospheric air attack or exoatmospheric ballistic missile attack, existing doctrine and organizational structure may not be adequate to address the cross-domain threat posed by hypersonics,” the paper, called “Global Strike Hypersonic Weapons,” states.
The Next-Gen GEO, which is also part of OPIR, will operate above the mid-latitudes of the earth but cannot fully or easily reach polar elliptical orbit, whereas the Polar system will “dwell over the Northern Hemisphere” to catch missiles as they traverse between continents.
For example, a polar satellite could, if sufficiently networked to securely transmit time-sensitive information across multiple nodes in real-time, ground control commanders might learn of a sub-launched long-range ballistic missile early in its flight trajectory.
This becomes much more difficult in the case of a moving target, Ciffone said, because maneuvering missiles might not follow a predictable “parabola-like” trajectory making it easier to discern or anticipate the weapons speed and expected point of impact.
The challenge of truly being able to “see” things faster and more completely anywhere in the globe continues to grow more pressing as potential enemies continue to advance new technologies designed to prevent detection or intercept such as EW countermeasures to jam radar, decoys and coordinated multiple attacks.
This scenario was anticipated in an interesting document called “Army Air & Missile Defense 2018 Vision,” which specifies some of the more difficult challenges presented by enemy weapons. For instance, regarding ballistic missile threats, the Army Vision essay explains that advanced weapons are now engineered with “countermeasures, maneuverable re-entry vehicles, multiple independent reentry vehicles, hypersonic/supersonic glide vehicles and electronic attack.”
It seems almost too self-evident to mention that an ability to succeed in truly establishing a continuous “track” requires a multi-domain approach involving space, air, ground and sea assets operating with an ability to instantly network sensitive and timely track data. Maj. Gen. Robert Rasch, Program Executive Officer, Missiles and Space, said the MDA has the lead when it comes to hypersonics missile defense but that air-ground synergy would be crucial to success.
“Army will have a role, as there is not a solution box that does not require joint sensing. It will take combined sensing to track a hypersonic target over time,” Rasch said at the symposium.
— Kris Osborn is the President of Warrior Maven and The Defense Editor of The National Interest ––
Kris Osborn is the defense editor for the National Interest. Osborn previously served at the Pentagon as a Highly Qualified Expert with the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army—Acquisition, Logistics & Technology. Osborn has also worked as an anchor and on-air military specialist at national TV networks. He has appeared as a guest military expert on Fox News, MSNBC, The Military Channel, and The History Channel. He also has a Master’s Degree in Comparative Literature from Columbia University.
